2- amino- 1- methyl- 6- phenylimidazo(4,5- b)pyridine

08/01/2015 - "coli-treated animals exhibited a marked decrease in survival compared with PhIP-alone-treated animals as a result of an increase in the number of invasive cancers that developed at multiple sites, including the skin, small intestine, and Zymbal's gland. "
09/01/2008 - "In rats, less than 1% of the dose of PhIP was eliminated as 5-OH-PhIP, suggesting that human cancer risk from exposure to PhIP is considerable higher than risk estimations based on extrapolation from rodent bioassays."
01/01/2013 - "Although the apparent toxic effects of combined PhIP and tomato + broccoli need additional study, the results of this study support the hypothesis that a diet rich in tomato and broccoli can reduce or prevent dietary carcinogen-induced cancers."
10/15/2012 - "Some of these SA adduction products of PhIP may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies to assess the role of well-done cooked meat, PhIP, and the risk of cancer."
04/18/2005 - "This study suggests that exposure to food-derived PhIP could be one of the risk factors in the incidence of urothelial cancer in never smokers."

11/28/2006 - "In contrast, the frequency of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), a preneoplastic biomarker for colon tumorigenesis, was increased by PhIP, and the increase due to PhIP was significantly greater in Mlh1(-/-) versus wild-type littermates. "
05/01/2000 - "This investigation was designed to study the role of acetylator genotype in PhIP-induced colon carcinogenesis using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as an intermediate biomarker. "
06/01/1999 - "In the present study, PhIP was introduced to various rat strains, and susceptibility to the induction of aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) was analyzed as a biomarker for colon carcinogenesis. "
04/15/2012 - "hGly(2)GLP-2 treatment of one-cycle PhIP/HFD rats increased the number of colonic aberrant crypt foci by 72 ± 11% (P < 0.01). "
06/16/2005 - "Development of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the prostate and colon was not enhanced when the rats were maintained on PhIP-free diet until 63 weeks of age, except for significant increase in multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci in the females. "

10/01/2015 - "Observed positive associations between PhIP intake from red meat and prostate cancer, particularly high-grade and possibly also advanced prostate cancer, need to be confirmed in other studies. "
09/01/2006 - "To validate PhIP-induced rat prostatic neoplasia as a model of human prostate cancer progression, we sought to study the earliest histologic and morphologic changes in the prostate and to follow progressive changes over time. "
10/01/2015 - "Intake of PhIP from red meat was statistically significantly associated with total prostate cancer risk (top vs. bottom quintile HR, 1.18; 95% confidence intervals; CI, 1.03-1.35), but not other HCAs (MeIQx, 1.12; 0.98-1.27, PhIP from white meat, 1.08; 0.95-1.22, DiMeIQx, 1.09; 0.97-1.21) or MDM (1.13; 1.00-1.28). "
01/01/2015 - "Here, we describe our work in evaluating the molecular events associated with PhIP-mediated disruption of AR function in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. "
01/01/2011 - "Men in the highest quartiles of PhIP, MeIQx, and DiMeIQx intake, respectively, had no increased risk of prostate cancer compared with men in the lowest quartiles (HR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.66-1.22 [PhIP]; 1.06, 0.77-1.45 [MeIQx]; 0.98, 0.72-1.34 [DiMeIQx]). "

11/01/2015 - "Since mutations that activate Wnt signal is a major driving force for human colorectal cancers, we conclude that the mutated β-catenin is the driver in PhIP/DSS-induced colon carcinogenesis. "
01/01/2013 - "Because of their genotoxic effects observed on heterozygous Apc mutated cells and their possible combined genotoxic effects, both B(a)P and PhIP, taken together, could be implicated in the observed association between meat consumption and colorectal cancer."
07/12/2001 - "HCT116, a hMLH1 defective mismatch repair deficient colorectal carcinoma cell line, also exhibited lower PhIP-induced apoptosis than its mismatch repair proficient chromosome transfer cell line (HCT116+chr3) following PhIP treatment. "
03/01/1998 - "Microsatellite mutations have also been found in PhIP-induced colon tumors, as in human hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer cases. "
01/01/2013 - "The heterocyclic amine, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-B]pyridine (PhIP), found in meats cooked at high temperatures, has been implicated in epidemiological and rodent studies for causing breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers. "

06/01/2010 - "We compared the effects of two of the most common HAA, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), individually or in combination, in the metabolically competent human hepatoma HepaRG cells. "
03/01/2012 - "Protective effects of xanthohumol against the genotoxicity of heterocyclic aromatic amines MeIQx and PhIP in bacteria and in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells."
01/01/2011 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin against 2-amino-3,8- dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (8-MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline (4,8-diMeIQx) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP)-induced DNA damage in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). "
08/01/2003 - "Effect of chrysin, a flavonoid compound, on the mutagenic activity of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5- b]pyridine (PhIP) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) in bacterial and human hepatoma (HepG2) cells."
11/01/1999 - "In order to study the mutagenic effects of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in cells of human origin, five compounds, namely 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3, 4-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3, 8-dimethyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), the pyridoimidazo derivative 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), were tested in micronucleus (MN) assays with a human derived hepatoma (HepG2) cell line. "