laudanosine

11/01/1988 - "Patients with renal failure had a significantly longer mean elimination half-life for laudanosine (1418 min v. 375 min; P less than 0.05) and Vd (4.52 litre kg-1 v. 2.40 litre kg-1; P less than 0.01) than the patients with normal renal function."
11/01/1988 - "In patients with renal failure there was a greater variation in the plasma laudanosine concentration: the highest value recorded was 4300 ng ml-1. "
11/01/1985 - "Effect of renal failure on laudanosine excretion in man."
10/01/1995 - "Mean plasma laudanosine concentrations were significantly higher in the renal failure group; nevertheless, they were approximately one-tenth of those reported after atracurium."
06/01/1987 - "Although 2-10% of the dose was recovered in the urine of normal patients as unchanged atracurium, and 3-4% as laudanosine, renal failure produced no significant differences in plasma pharmacokinetics, with mean plasma elimination half-lives of 20 min for atracurium, 234 min for laudanosine and 39 min for quaternary alcohol."

01/01/2010 - "Laudanosine, a degradation of neuomuscular blocking agent atracurium, crosses the blood-brain barrier and is indicted to trigger seizures at high concentration. "
05/01/1998 - "Atracurium besylate and laudanosine cause excitement and seizures when introduced into the central nervous system of laboratory animals. "
02/01/1987 - "In anaesthetized dogs, laudanosine plasma concentrations of more than 6 micrograms ml-1 caused hypotension and bradycardia, laudanosine concentrations greater than 10 micrograms ml-1 induced epileptic EEG spiking and plasma concentrations greater than 17 micrograms ml-1 produced prolonged seizures. "
01/01/1989 - "The present study was designed to investigate whether D,L-laudanosine (a breakdown product of the neuromuscular relaxant atracurium besylate) interacts with benzodiazepinergic receptors or muscarinic receptors, both of which are involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures. "

01/01/1998 - "Hence, it appears unlikely that toxic concentrations of laudanosine would be reached, even in a critically ill patient."
11/01/1988 - "A study of plasma atracurium and laudanosine concentrations was undertaken in 14 critically ill patients who received a bolus dose of atracurium 0.6 mg kg-1 followed by an infusion of 0.6 mg kg-1 h-1 for a period of 11-47 h. "

08/01/2002 - "Pharmacodynamics and atracurium and laudanosine concentrations during a fixed continuous infusion of atracurium in mechanically ventilated patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome."
03/05/1999 - "This method has been used to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of atracurium and laudanosine in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome."
08/01/2002 - "The present study was designed to assess the pharmacodynamics and the plasma levels of atracurium and laudanosine found during a 72-hour fixed rate infusion of atracurium in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients without renal or liver failure. "
08/01/2002 - "A fixed infusion rate of atracurium in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients provided an effective muscle paralysis with a rapid neuromuscular recovery but can lead to accumulation of laudanosine in patients with renal impairment."

05/01/1989 - "We conclude that, in this animal model of epilepsy, no increased incidence of seizure activity was produced by mean plasma laudanosine concentrations as great as 0.8 micrograms ml-1. "
05/01/1989 - "Electroencephalographic effects of laudanosine in an animal model of epilepsy."
05/01/1989 - "We examined the effects of laudanosine, one of the principal metabolites of atracurium, on the electroencephalogram (EEG) in an animal model of induced epilepsy. "
01/01/1989 - "The present study was designed to investigate whether D,L-laudanosine (a breakdown product of the neuromuscular relaxant atracurium besylate) interacts with benzodiazepinergic receptors or muscarinic receptors, both of which are involved in epilepsy and other types of seizures. "