The uptake of macromolecular agents in
tumor cells (LX-1, human
small cell lung carcinoma) and in corresponding
tumor xenografts was compared in a parallel study utilizing a long-circulating biocompatible graft copolymer, MPEGs-PL-
DTPA [Bogdanov, A., Jr., et al. (1995) Adv.
Drug Delivery Rev. 16, 335-348; Bogdanov, A., Jr., et al. (1996) Bioconjugate Chem. 7, 144-149] and a
tumor-specific chimeric
monoclonal antibody, BR96 [Hellstrom, I., et al. (1990)
Cancer Res. 50, 2183-2190; Garrigues, J., et al. (1993) Am. J. Pathol. 142, 607-622]. Covalent grafted conjugates of methoxy-(
polyethylene glycol)
succinate and
polylysine and BR96 were modified with
DTPA, biotinyl, or
rhodamine-X-residues. Using
radionuclide and fluorescent labeled derivatives of the copolymer and the antibody, we established that (1) the copolymer does not associate with the plasma membrane in
N-ethylmaleimide-treated cells and is slowly internalized by live cells at 37 degrees C; (2) the antibody binds rapidly to the surface of LX-1 cells and shows active internalization in vesicles with a subsequent slow decrease in the cell-associated antibody concentration; (3) LX-1 cells bear more than 1 million BR96 binding sites/cell (with an apparent Kd of 4.5 x 10[-7] M); and (4) intravesicular fluorescence intensity in LX-1 cells was linearly dependent on copolymer concentration, suggesting fluid phase endocytosis.
Tumor localization by nuclear imaging, biodistribution, microdistribution by histology, and determination of
tumor cell fraction uptake was performed in LX-1
tumor xenografts. In vivo study showed that MPEGs-PL-
DTPA progressively accumulates in the
tumor, yielding from 2.8+/-1.5% injected dose per gram of tissue (ID/g) at 24 h to 5.2+/-1.7% ID/g of tissue at 48 h. The antibody accumulation peaked at 24 h (6.0+/-3.2% ID/g) and decreased thereafter. We determined that at 24 h 43.9+/-11.29% of the
polymer accumulated in the
tumor was associated with
tumor cell fraction with the remainder of the accumulated dose localized in the interstitium. Accumulation of the biotinylated graft copolymer and the antibody in LX-1 xenografts and their uptake in cells were confirmed by histology using
avidin-
peroxidase staining. Our study demonstrates that, although BR96 is highly specific in vitro, tumoral
drug delivery in vivo can be equally high with long-circulating graft copolymers because of slow extravasation at the
tumor site.