This study investigated the frequency and severity of symptoms during naturally occurring
panic attacks recollected as "usual" and during
sodium lactate-induced attacks. Seventy-six male and 126 female patients with
panic disorder or agoraphobics with
panic attack (DSM-III criteria) underwent
lactate infusion studies and were serially administered the Acute Panic Inventory (API). Fifty-nine percent of the subjects were rated by an attending psychiatrist to have experienced
lactate-induced
panic attacks. Patients were also asked to API symptom rate their "usual"
panic attacks. For panic recollected as usual, the most frequently reported symptoms (> or = 75%) at the moderate to severe levels included: afraid in general, difficulty concentrating, difficulty performing a job, desire to flee, afraid of losing control, palpitations, feeling hot or cold or both,
dyspnea, dizzy-lightheaded. During
lactate infusion, 25 of 29 API symptoms increased significantly from prelactate to point of panic; however, particularly robust effect sizes were exhibited for the desire to flee,
dyspnea, tingling, twitching/trembling and difficulty doing a job. Comparison of panic recollected as usual and
lactate-induced panic showed that more than half of the symptoms did not differ after Bonferroni correction; however, the most notable were fear in general,
dyspnea,
chest pain/discomfort, difficulty swallowing, feeling weak, desire to flee, and feeling hot/cold or both. These data point to a very distinctive role during both recollected and
lactate-induced
panic attacks for fearfulness the desire to flee (by definition), and for
dyspnea, difficulty performing a job and fear of losing control. During
lactate-induced panic,
dyspnea exhibited the most robust effect size of all physical symptoms.