In order to provide further support for a role of central
nitric oxide as a mediator of penile erection and yawning, the
nitric oxide donors sodium nitroprusside,
hydroxylamine,
isoamyl nitrite and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-
penicillamine were injected into the lateral ventricles (i.c.v.) or into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats. Of the above compounds injected i.c.v., only
isoamyl nitrite (10-100 micrograms) induced penile erection and yawning, while the others induced dramatic behavioral changes, such as
motor hyperactivity and convulsions, that masked the above responses. Nevertheless,
nitric oxide donors in doses ranging from 10 to 50 micrograms, for except S-nitroso-N-acetyl-
penicillamine that was injected only at the dose of 10 micrograms and
isoamyl nitrite that was not injected at all because of poor solubility, induced penile erection and yawning when injected in the paraventricular nucleus.
Nitric oxide donor-induced responses were prevented by
methylene blue and
LY 83583, inhibitors of
guanylate cyclase, the best known target of
nitric oxide, given i.c.v. but not in the paraventricular nucleus. However, 8-bromo-guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-Br-cGMP), a stable cGMP analog, and
hemoglobin, a nitric oxide scavenger, were ineffective in inducing and preventing, respectively, penile erection and yawning when injected either i.c.v. or in the paraventricular nucleus.
Nitric oxide donor-induced responses were also prevented by the nonapeptide
oxytocin receptor antagonist d(CH2)5-Tyr(Me)-Orn8-vasotocin given i.c.v. but not in the paraventricular nucleus. The present results suggest that
nitric oxide donors induce penile erection and yawning by activating central oxytocinergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus via a cGMP-independent mechanism.