We investigated whether impaired duodenal mucosal
prostaglandin E2 (
PGE2) production previously observed in
duodenal ulcer (DU) was a primary pathophysiological abnormality or secondary to mucosal architectural changes that accompany ulceration. One hundred patients were studied: at endoscopy, paired duodenal biopsies were taken in patients with normal endoscopies and from the
ulcer edge or
scar and background mucosa in active or healed DU. One of the pair of biopsies was used to estimate
PGE2 synthesis ability, the other was processed for histology and histochemistry. The following features graded: goblet cell numbers and staining with
Periodic acid-
Schiff reagent (PAS), epithelial staining with PAS, villous
atrophy, columnar cell height, inflammatory cell infiltrate and micro-erosions and gastric
metaplasia taken as a whole. Patients were found to have normal endoscopy (n = 31), active untreated DU (n = 20) active DU on treatment with either
cimetidine or
ranitidine (n = 13), healed DU on maintenance treatment (n = 27) and healed DU off treatment (n = 9). Active duodenal ulceration was found to be associated with decreased numbers of goblet cells, loss and blunting of villi, increased columnar cell height, increased epithelial cell PAS staining and with gastric
metaplasia. After healing, only villous blunting remained. These changes were present, but less marked, at sites removed from the
ulcer and were not apparent in the patient groups with healed
ulcers. A strong correlation between overall gastric
metaplasia and epithelial cell PAS staining and the reduced ability to synthesize
PGE2 (P < 0.001) was only apparent when biopsies from all patients were grouped together, but not within individual patient subgroups. There was no consistent correlation between
PGE2 generation and individual parameters of pathological change in duodenum. We conclude that, although inflammatory and mucosal changes may contribute, the evidence suggests that the impaired
PGE2 generation in DU disease is, to a large extent, independent of histological and histochemical features.