In order to identify novel genes expressed in macrophage-derived foam cells, we used a multigene assay to examine the expression of genes in control versus
cholesterol-loaded macrophages. We compared THP-1 macrophages incubated with or without
acetylated LDL (
acLDL) +/-
acyl-CoA:cholesterol O-acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitor (compound 58035) for 20 h and assessed changes in
mRNA of
chemokines,
growth factors,
interleukins, and adhesion molecules. Among 49 genes examined, an increase in
mRNA was observed only for
interleukin 8 (IL-8) in THP-1 macrophages. Northern analysis confirmed a 3- to 4-fold increase of
IL-8 mRNA and an
enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a corresponding increase in
IL-8 in
conditioned medium.
Oxidized LDL (
oxLDL) also induced
IL-8 mRNA, but native
LDL had no effect. 58035 had a moderate effect on
IL-8 induction by
acLDL.
AcLDL-induced
IL-8 expression was concentration- and time-dependent. The time course of
IL-8 induction paralleled that of
cholesterol loading. MCP-1, a
chemokine implicated in recruiting monocytes in
atherogenesis, was also induced by
acLDL. The induction of MCP-1, however, peaked at 1 h after addition of
acLDL and returned to basal level by 20 h while
IL-8 induction peaked at 8 h and was still 2-fold higher than basal level at 20 h.
IL-8 induction was also observed in fresh human monocyte-derived macrophage cells treated with
acLDL. Finally, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization studies using specimens of human coronary
atheromas showed expression of
IL-8 mRNA in a macrophage-rich area. We conclude that
IL-8 is induced in macrophage foam cells as a response to
cholesterol loading. The
chemoattractant and/or mitogenic effects of
IL-8 on neutrophils, T cells, smooth muscle, or vascular endothelial cells may contribute to the progression and complications of
atherosclerosis.