It is well known that the type and quantity of DNA damage produced by ionizing radiation depend on the
oxygen concentration around the
DNA. For example, in irradiated mammalian cells, both a decrease in the
DNA strand break efficiency and the induction of
DNA-
protein crosslinks (DPCs) occur as the extracellular
oxygen concentration is decreased below 1%. In the study reported here, the feasibility of estimating the hypoxic fraction of irradiated
tumors and normal tissues was investigated by measuring the single-strand scission factor, the
DNA-
protein crosslink factor, and the amount of
DNA remaining on
polycarbonate filters after elution with approximately 24 ml of
tetrapropylammonium hydroxide at pH 12.3 without
proteinase K (PK) in the lysis
solution. In anesthetized air-breathing Fisher 344 rats, no radiation-induced DPCs were detected in either cerebellar neurons or cells of subcutaneous (sc) 9L
tumors when the
DNA was assayed at approximately one half-time of repair after doses < or = 15 Gy. Within 10 min after anesthetized rats were killed, the maximum decrease in the radiation-induced strand break efficiency and the maximum formation of radiation-induced DPCs occurred in both cerebellar neurons and sc 9L
tumors. When irradiated cerebellar neurons or sc 9L
tumor cells from air-breathing and dead rats were mixed to simulate hypoxic fractions of 0, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%, only the percentage of the
DNA retained on the filter after approximately 24 ml of elution without PK in the lysis
solution was a linear function of the simulated hypoxic fraction after doses of both 15 and 2 Gy. At 15 Gy, the linear function was identical for 9L cells in tissue culture, sc 9L
tumor cells, and cerebellar neurons. In addition, the slope, but not the intercept, of the linear function appeared to be independent of dose from 2 to 15 Gy. Consequently, if the dose and the amount of strand break repair are kept relatively constant, the linear function appears to depend primarily on radiation chemistry events, rather than the
biological properties of the irradiated cells. Moreover, the data suggest that this assay can measure a hypoxic fraction of < or = 10% after a conventional
radiotherapy dose of 2 Gy, provided sufficient material is available for analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)