In an attempt to compare the morphology of the dentin adhesive interface and the wetting and penetration of the adhesive in relation to the dentin surface, we studied four dentin adhesive systems using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (
HEMA), a monomer common to many commercial dentin adhesive systems, was altered to produce a thiolated analogue (
HETMA).
Sulfur, traceable by EDS and STEM, was substituted for the
oxygen atom in the backbone of the
HEMA molecule. The resulting analogue, with solubility parameters and other wetting and physical properties very similar to those of
HEMA, was applied to four sets of tooth specimens, each pre-treated with a different primer or etchant. Three separate pre-treatments--
nitric acid,
maleic acid, and
citric acid/
ferric chloride--created a demineralized zone approximately 1 to 3 microns thick at the dentin surface. The
HETMA was found to permeate freely into this zone when either of the latter two pre-treatments was used. However, the band of dentin that was demineralized by the
nitric acid pre-treatment appeared impermeable to the
HETMA. The fourth pre-treatment, an alcohol-based
solution including the
phosphorus acid ester PENTA and
HEMA, modified the
smear layer of the tooth slightly and did not appear to demineralize the dentin.
HETMA applied to the specimens pre-treated with
PENTA and
HEMA was clearly in intimate contact with the dentin or modified
smear layer; however, it did not penetrate or diffuse into these areas. It did flow into the dentinal tubules, as was also evident with each of the other systems. It was concluded that the
acid pre-treatment of the dentin greatly influenced the wetting behavior of the dentin adhesive and thus could substantially affect the resultant bond strength of the dentin adhesive systems.