The experiments described in this report have dealt with the dimensions of therapeutic potentiation achieved when combinations of
pyrimethamine and
sulfadiazine were administered to rhesus monkeys infected with a
drug-susceptible strain of Plasmodium cynomolgi or its
pyrimethamine-resistant variant and to owl monkeys infected with strains of P. falciparum and P. vivax of varying degrees of resistance to this
pyrimidine. These evaluations showed: 1) that when delivered in combination, the activities of both
pyrimethamine and
sulfadiazine against
infections with any of the above strains were enhanced significantly; 2) that in
infections with the Ro and Ro/PM strains of P. cynomolgi and the Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, concomitant delivery of the two agents resulted in a 32-fold increase in the activity of
pyrimethamine and a 50- to 100-fold increase in the activity of sulfadizine; 3) that as a result of this synergism,
infections with the
pyrimethamine resistant Ro/PM and Palo Alto strains could be cured with a fraction of the maximum tolerated dose of this
drug; 4) that in marked contrast to the above result,
infections with the Malayan Camp and Vietnam Smith strains of P. falciparum could not be cured regularly by combination regimens which included the maximally tolerated dose of
pyrimethamine. This poor response has been attributed to the high levels of
pyrimethamine-resistance possessed by these strains. It is believed that the comparatively small but not insignificant incidences of treatment failures associated with delivery of
pyrimethamine-
sulfonamide combinations to both patients and human volunteers infected with multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum rest on a similar basis.