The elemental
halogens include
chlorine,
bromine, and
phosgene.
Halogen gas can be directly weaponized and employed in warfare or terrorism. Industrial stockpiles or
halogen transport can provide targets for terrorist attack as well as an origin for accidental release creating a risk for potential mass-casualty incidents. Pregnant and post-partum women represent a substantial and vulnerable subset of the population who may be at particular risk during an attack or accidental exposure. We review the effects of
halogen exposure on the parturient with a focus on
bromine toxicity.
Bromine is the most extensively studied agent in the context of pregnancy and to-date murine models form the basis for the majority of current knowledge. Pregnancy potentiates the
acute lung injury after
halogen exposure. In addition,
halogen exposure precipitates a preeclamptic-like syndrome in mice. This phenotype is characterized by systemic and
pulmonary hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, decreased cardiac output, placental injury and
fetal growth restriction. This constellation contributes to increased maternal and fetal mortality observed after
bromine exposure. Angiogenic imbalance is noted with overexpression of the soluble fms-like
tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) form of the
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 reminiscent of human
preeclampsia. Additional research is needed to further explore the effect of
halogen gas exposure in pregnancy and to develop therapeutic interventions to mitigate risk to this unique population.