Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation. Myths and Realities with Regard to Cardiovascular Risk.

Abstract

Vitamin D and calcium are considered crucial for the treatment of bone diseases. Both vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone homeostasis but also preserve muscle health by reducing the risk of falls and fractures. Low vitamin D concentrations result in secondary hyperparathyroidism and contribute to bone loss, although the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism varies, even in patients with severe vitamin D deficiency. Findings from observational studies have shown controversial results regarding the association between bone mineral density and vitamin D/calcium status, thus sparking a debate regarding optimum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium for the best possible skeletal health. Although most of the intervention studies reported a positive effect of supplementation with calcium and vitamin D on bone in patients with osteoporosis, this therapeutic approach has been a matter of debate regarding potential side effects on the cardiovascular (CV) system. Thus, the aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the physiological role of vitamin D and calcium on bone and muscle health. Moreover, we provide an overview on observational and interventional studies that investigate the effect of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on bone health, also taking into account the possible CV side-effects. We also provide molecular insights on the effect of calcium plus vitamin D on the CV system.

• Authors: Giovanna Muscogiuri, Luigi Barrea, Barbara Altieri, Carolina Di Somma, Harjit Pal Bhattoa, Daniela Laudisio, Guillaume T Duval, Gabriella Pugliese, Cédric Annweiler, Francesco Orio, Hana Fakhouri, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao
• Journal: Current vascular pharmacology (Curr Vasc Pharmacol) Vol. 17 Issue 6 Pg. 610-617 ( 2019) ISSN: 1875-6212 [Electronic] United Arab Emirates
• PMID: 30963976 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)
• Copyright: Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at [email protected].

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Vitamin D
• Calcium

Topics

• Animals
• Biomarkers (blood)
• Bone Remodeling (drug effects)
• Calcium (adverse effects, blood, therapeutic use)
• Cardiovascular Diseases (blood, epidemiology, physiopathology, prevention & control)
• Cardiovascular System (drug effects, metabolism, physiopathology)
• Dietary Supplements (adverse effects)
• Humans
• Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary (blood, drug therapy, epidemiology, physiopathology)
• Osteoporosis (blood, drug therapy, epidemiology, physiopathology)
• Osteoporotic Fractures (epidemiology, physiopathology, prevention & control)
• Risk Factors
• Treatment Outcome
• Vitamin D (adverse effects, blood, therapeutic use)
• Vitamin D Deficiency (blood, drug therapy, epidemiology, physiopathology)