Peak AAA fatty acid homolog contaminants present in the dietary supplement l-Tryptophan associated with the onset of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome.

Abstract

The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak that occurred in the USA and elsewhere in 1989 was caused by the ingestion of Showa Denko K.K. (SD) L-tryptophan (L-Trp). "Six compounds" detected in the L-Trp were reported as case-associated contaminants. Recently the final and most statistically significant contaminant, "Peak AAA" was structurally characterized. The "compound" was actually shown to be two structural isomers resulting from condensation reactions of L-Trp with fatty acids derived from the bacterial cell membrane. They were identified as the indole C-2 anteiso (AAA1-343) and linear (AAA2-343) aliphatic chain isomers. Based on those findings, we utilized a combination of on-line HPLC-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS), as well as both precursor and product ion tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) to facilitate identification of a homologous family of condensation products related to AAA1-343 and AAA2-343. We structurally characterized eight new AAA1-XXX/AAA2-XXX contaminants, where XXX represents the integer molecular ions of all the related homologs, differing by aliphatic chain length and isomer configuration. The contaminants were derived from the following fatty acids of the bacterial cell membrane, 5-methylheptanoic acid (anteiso-C8:0) for AAA1-315; n-octanoic acid (n-C8:0) for AAA2-315; 6-methyloctanoic acid (anteiso-C9:0) for AAA1-329; n-nonanoic acid (n-C9:0) for AAA2-329; 10-methyldodecanoic acid (anteiso-C13:0) for AAA1-385; n-tridecanoic acid (n-C13:0) for AAA2-385; 11-methyltridecanoic acid (anteiso-C14:0) for AAA1-399; and n-tetradecanoic acid (n-C14:0) for AAA2-399. The concentration levels for these contaminants were estimated to be 0.1-7.9 μg / 500 mg of an individual SD L-Trp tablet or capsule The structural similarity of these homologs to case-related contaminants of Spanish Toxic Oil Syndrome (TOS) is discussed.

• Authors: Klaus Klarskov, Hugo Gagnon, Mathieu Racine, Pierre-Luc Boudreault, Chad Normandin, Eric Marsault, Gerald J Gleich, Stephen Naylor
• Journal: Toxicology letters (Toxicol Lett) Vol. 294 Pg. 193-204 (Sep 15 2018) ISSN: 1879-3169 [Electronic] Netherlands
• PMID: 29800716 (Publication Type: Comparative Study, Journal Article)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Caprylates
• Fatty Acids
• Heptanoic Acids
• Indoles
• Lauric Acids
• Myristates
• Tryptophan
• pelargonic acid

Topics

• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (metabolism)
• Caprylates (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
• Dietary Supplements (adverse effects, analysis)
• Eosinophilia-Myalgia Syndrome (chemically induced)
• Fatty Acids (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Fermentation
• Food Contamination
• Heptanoic Acids (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Humans
• Indoles (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Lauric Acids (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Methylation
• Molecular Structure
• Myristates (analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification, toxicity)
• Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
• Stereoisomerism
• Tryptophan (analogs & derivatives, analysis, chemistry, isolation & purification)
• United States