Cellular senescence is characterized by irreversible cell arrest and is associated with the development of
chronic diseases, including
cancer. Here, we investigated the induction of cellular senescence during liver
carcinogenesis.
Liver cancer was induced in Fischer 344 rats with a weekly
intraperitoneal injection of
diethylnitrosamine (50mg/kg
body weight) for 16 weeks. Double-detection of β-
galactosidase with Ki67 for cell proliferation; a-SMA and
Pdgfrb for cell specificity; p53, p21, p16, and
cyclin D1, CDK2, and CDK4 for senescence-associated molecular pathways and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) for hepatocarcinogenesis was assessed to determine the association of these markers with cellular senescence. DNA damage was measured through senescence-associated
heterochromatin foci (SAHF) detection. Progressive cellular senescence was observed in both fibrotic septa and hepatocytes from week 10 to 18. The maximum peak of positive senescent and fibrotic cells was observed at week 16 and decreased at week 18, but cell proliferation remained high. Whereas the increased p16 expression and SAHF were concomitant with that of β-
galactosidase, those of p53 and p21 were barely detected. Furthermore, β-
galactosidase positive myofibroblast-like cells were mainly surrounding GGT-positive
tumors. Our findings showed that in hepatocarcinogenesis by
diethylnitrosamine, cellular senescence is associated with p16 pathway activation and is mainly localized in myofibroblast-like cells.