Arctigenin, the main effective constituent of Arctium lappa L. fruit, has previously been proven to dramatically attenuate
dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced
colitis in mice, a frequently used animal model of
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As Th1 and Th17 cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD, the present study addressed whether and how
arctigenin exerted anti-
colitis efficacy by interfering with the differentiation and activation of Th1/Th17 cells. In vitro,
arctigenin was shown to markedly inhibit the differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve T cells, and moderately inhibit the differentiation of Th1 cells, which was accompanied by lowered phosphorylation of STAT3 and STAT4, respectively. In contrast,
arctigenin was lack of marked effect on the differentiation of either Th2 or regulatory T cells. Furthermore,
arctigenin was shown to suppress the
mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (
mTORC1) pathway in T cells as demonstrated by down-regulated phosphorylation of the downstream target genes
p70S6K and RPS6, and it functioned independent of two well-known upstream
kinases PI3K/AKT and ERK.
Arctigenin was also able to inhibit the activity of
mTORC1 by dissociating raptor from mTOR. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of
arctigenin on T cell differentiation disappeared under a status of
mTORC1 overactivation via knockdown of
tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2, a negative regulator of
mTORC1) or pretreatment of
leucine (an agonist of mTOR). In DSS-induced mice, the inhibition of Th1/Th17 responses and anti-
colitis effect of
arctigenin were abrogated by
leucine treatment. In conclusion,
arctigenin ameliorates
colitis through down-regulating the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells via
mTORC1 pathway.