Resistance to BRAF inhibitors is a major clinical problem. Here, we evaluate
BI-847325, an
ATP-competitive inhibitor of
MEK and
Aurora kinases, in treatment-naïve and
drug-resistant BRAF-mutant
melanoma models.
BI-847325 potently inhibited growth and survival of
melanoma cell lines that were both BRAF inhibitor naïve and resistant in 2D culture, 3D cell culture conditions, and in colony formation assays. Western blot studies showed
BI-847325 to reduce expression of phospho-ERK and phospho-
histone 3 in multiple models of
vemurafenib resistance. Mechanistically,
BI-847325 decreased the expression of
MEK and Mcl-1 while increasing the expression of the proapoptotic
protein BIM. Strong suppression of
MEK expression was observed after 48 hours of treatment, with no recovery following >72 hours of washout.
siRNA-mediated knockdown of Mcl-1 enhanced the effects of
BI-847325, whereas Mcl-1 overexpression reversed this in both 2D cell culture and 3D spheroid
melanoma models. In vivo, once weekly
BI-847325 (70 mg/kg) led to durable regression of BRAF-inhibitor naïve xenografts with no regrowth seen (>65 days of treatment). In contrast, treatment with the
vemurafenib analog
PLX4720 was associated with
tumor relapse at >30 days.
BI-847325 also suppressed the long-term growth of xenografts with acquired
PLX4720 resistance. Analysis of
tumor samples revealed
BI-847325 to induce apoptosis associated with suppression of phospho-ERK, total
MEK, phospho-Histone3, and Mcl-1 expression. Our studies indicate that
BI-847325 is effective in overcoming BRAF inhibitor resistance and has long-term inhibitory effects upon BRAF-mutant
melanoma in vivo, through a mechanism associated with the decreased expression of both
MEK and Mcl-1.