Recovery of
mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or activation of alternative pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, are involved in acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors which represent the first-line treatment of BRAF-mutated metastatic
melanoma. We recently demonstrated that 6-((7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)thio)hexan-1-ol (NBDHEX) and its water soluble analog 2-(2-(2-((7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)thio)ethoxy)ethoxy)
ethanol (
MC3181) trigger apoptosis in BRAF V600E mutated
melanoma cells through activation of the MAPK
c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Herein, we investigated whether NBDHEX and
MC3181 might exert antitumor activity against BRAF V600E mutated human
melanoma cells rendered resistant to the BRAF inhibitor
vemurafenib. To this aim we generated a subline of A375
melanoma resistant in vitro and in vivo to
vemurafenib (A375-VR8) and characterized by NRAS G13R mutation, high basal levels of CRAF
protein and phospho-activation of AKT. In these cells ERK phosphorylation was not significantly down-modulated by
vemurafenib concentrations capable of abrogating ERK phosphorylation in sensitive A375 cells. Both NBDHEX and
MC3181 induced marked antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in A375-VR8 cells and, at equitoxic concentrations, caused a strong phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and of the downstream mediators of apoptosis ATF2 and p53.
Drug treatment further increased ERK phosphorylation, which was required for the cellular response to the NBD derivatives, as apoptosis was antagonized by the ERK inhibitor
FR180204. Finally, in vivo administration of
MC3181 provoked JNK activation at the
tumor site and markedly reduced A375-VR8 growth. These evidences strongly suggest that the activation of multiple pro-apoptotic MAPK pathways by
MC3181 might represent a new strategy for the treatment of
melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors.