Robust evidence remains scarce in guiding best practice in the prevention and treatment of
venous thromboembolism in patients living with
cancer. Recommendations from major consensus guidelines are largely based on extrapolated data from trials performed mostly in noncancer patients, observational studies and registries, studies using surrogate outcomes, and underpowered randomized controlled trials. Nonetheless, a personalized approach based on individual risk assessment is uniformly recommended for inpatient and outpatient thromboprophylaxis and there is consensus that
anticoagulant prophylaxis is warranted in selected patients with a high risk of
thrombosis. Prediction tools for estimating the risk of
thrombosis in the hospital setting have not been validated, but the use of prophylaxis in the ambulatory setting in those with a high Khorana score is under active investigation. Symptomatic and incidental
thrombosis should be treated with
anticoagulant therapy, but little is known about the optimal duration. Pharmacologic options for prophylaxis and treatment are still restricted to
unfractionated heparin,
low molecular weight heparin, and
vitamin K antagonists because there is currently insufficient evidence to support the use of target-specific, non-
vitamin K-antagonist oral
anticoagulants. Although these agents offer practical advantages over traditional
anticoagulants, potential drug interaction with chemotherapeutic
agents, gastrointestinal problems, hepatic and renal impairment, and the lack of rapid reversal agents are important limitations that may reduce the efficacy and safety of these drugs in patients with active
cancer. Clinicians and patients are encouraged to participate in clinical trials to advance the care of patients with
cancer-associated
thrombosis.