Hormonal contraception and the risk of HIV acquisition: an individual participant data meta-analysis.
Abstract | BACKGROUND: METHODS AND FINDINGS: Eligible studies measured HC exposure and incident HIV infection prospectively using standardized measures, enrolled women aged 15-49 y, recorded ≥15 incident HIV infections, and measured prespecified covariates. Our primary analysis estimated the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) using two-stage random effects meta-analysis, controlling for region, marital status, age, number of sex partners, and condom use. We included 18 studies, including 37,124 women (43,613 woman-years) and 1,830 incident HIV infections. Relative to no HC use, the aHR for HIV acquisition was 1.50 (95% CI 1.24-1.83) for DMPA use, 1.24 (95% CI 0.84-1.82) for NET-EN use, and 1.03 (95% CI 0.88-1.20) for COC use. Between-study heterogeneity was mild (I(2) < 50%). DMPA use was associated with increased HIV acquisition compared with COC use (aHR 1.43, 95% CI 1.23-1.67) and NET-EN use (aHR 1.32, 95% CI 1.08-1.61). Effect estimates were attenuated for studies at lower risk of methodological bias (compared with no HC use, aHR for DMPA use 1.22, 95% CI 0.99-1.50; for NET-EN use 0.67, 95% CI 0.47-0.96; and for COC use 0.91, 95% CI 0.73-1.41) compared to those at higher risk of bias (p(interaction) = 0.003). Neither age nor herpes simplex virus type 2 infection status modified the HC-HIV relationship. CONCLUSIONS: This IPD meta-analysis found no evidence that COC or NET-EN use increases women's risk of HIV but adds to the evidence that DMPA may increase HIV risk, underscoring the need for additional safe and effective contraceptive options for women at high HIV risk. A randomized controlled trial would provide more definitive evidence about the effects of hormonal contraception, particularly DMPA, on HIV risk.
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Authors | Charles S Morrison, Pai-Lien Chen, Cynthia Kwok, Jared M Baeten, Joelle Brown, Angela M Crook, Lut Van Damme, Sinead Delany-Moretlwe, Suzanna C Francis, Barbara A Friedland, Richard J Hayes, Renee Heffron, Saidi Kapiga, Quarraisha Abdool Karim, Stephanie Karpoff, Rupert Kaul, R Scott McClelland, Sheena McCormack, Nuala McGrath, Landon Myer, Helen Rees, Ariane van der Straten, Deborah Watson-Jones, Janneke H H M van de Wijgert, Randy Stalter, Nicola Low |
Journal | PLoS medicine
(PLoS Med)
Vol. 12
Issue 1
Pg. e1001778
(Jan 2015)
ISSN: 1549-1676 [Electronic] United States |
PMID | 25612136
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Chemical References |
- Contraceptive Agents, Female
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
- norethindrone enanthate
- Norethindrone
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Topics |
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Africa South of the Sahara
(epidemiology)
- Contraceptive Agents, Female
(administration & dosage, adverse effects)
- Female
- HIV Infections
(epidemiology, prevention & control, transmission)
- Humans
- Incidence
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
(administration & dosage, adverse effects)
- Middle Aged
- Norethindrone
(administration & dosage, adverse effects, analogs & derivatives)
- Risk Factors
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