Both dietary
salt and
sugar are related to blood pressure (BP). The evidence for
salt is much stronger, and various types of studies have consistently shown that
salt is a major cause of raised BP, and a reduction from the current intake of ≈ 9-12 g/day in most countries of the world to the recommended level of 5-6 g/day lowers BP in both hypertensive and normotensive individuals, in men and women, in all age groups and in all ethnic groups. Countries such as Finland and the UK that have successfully reduced
salt intake have demonstrated a reduction in population BP and cardiovascular mortality, with major cost savings to the health service. The mechanisms whereby
salt raises BP are not fully understood. The traditional concepts focus on the tendency for an increase in extracellular fluid volume. Increasing evidence suggests that small increases in plasma
sodium may play an important role. There are several other factors that also increase BP, one of which is added
sugars. The current high intake of added
sugars increases
obesity which, in turn, raises BP. Recent studies also suggest that added
sugars, particularly those in soft drinks, may have a direct effect on BP. However, the relationship between soft drink consumption and BP could be, at least partially, mediated by the effect of
salt intake on increasing soft drink consumption. Actions to reduce
salt and
sugar intake across the whole population will have major beneficial effects on health along with major cost savings.