Urinary elafin and kidney injury in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients.

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is associated with kidney injury after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Because plasma elafin levels correlate with skin GVHD, this study examined urinary elafin as a potential marker of renal inflammation and injury.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS:

Urine was collected prospectively on 205 patients undergoing their first HCT from 2003 to 2010. Collections were done at baseline, weekly through day 100, and monthly through year 1 to measure elafin and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Associations between urinary elafin levels and microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria, AKI and CKD, and mortality were examined using Cox proportional hazards or linear regression models. Available kidney biopsy specimens were processed for immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS:

Mean urinary elafin levels to day 100 were higher in patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria (adjusted mean difference, 529 pg/ml; P=0.03) at day 100 than in those with a normal ACR (adjusted mean difference, 1295 pg/ml; P<0.001). Mean urinary elafin levels were higher in patients with AKI compared with patients without AKI (adjusted mean difference, 558 pg/ml; P<0.01). The average urinary elafin levels within the first 100 days after HCT were higher in patients who developed CKD at 1 year than in patients without CKD (adjusted mean difference, 894 pg/ml; P=0.002). Among allogeneic recipients, a higher proportion of patients with micro- or macroalbuminuria at day 100 also had grade II-IV acute GVHD (80% and 86%, respectively) compared with patients with a normal ACR (58%; global P<0.01). Each increase in elafin of 500 pg/ml resulted in a 10% increase in risk of persistent macroalbuminuria (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.06 to 1.13; P<0.001) and a 7% increase in the risk of overall mortality (95% CI, 1.02 to 1.13, P<0.01). Renal biopsy specimens from a separate cohort of HCT survivors demonstrated elafin staining in distal and collecting duct tubules.

CONCLUSION:

Higher urinary elafin levels are associated with an increased risk of micro- and macroalbuminuria, AKI and CKD, and death after HCT.

• Authors: Sangeeta Hingorani, Laura S Finn, Emily Pao, Rick Lawler, Gary Schoch, George B McDonald, Behzad Najafian, Brenda Sandmaier, Ted Gooley
• Journal: Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN (Clin J Am Soc Nephrol) Vol. 10 Issue 1 Pg. 12-20 (Jan 07 2015) ISSN: 1555-905X [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 25388519 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2015 by the American Society of Nephrology.

Chemical References

• Biomarkers
• Elafin
• PI3 protein, human
• Creatinine

Topics

• Acute Kidney Injury (diagnosis, etiology, mortality, urine)
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Albuminuria (etiology, urine)
• Biomarkers (urine)
• Biopsy
• Case-Control Studies
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Creatinine (urine)
• Elafin (urine)
• Female
• Graft vs Host Disease (etiology, urine)
• Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (adverse effects, mortality)
• Humans
• Immunohistochemistry
• Kidney (metabolism)
• Linear Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Proportional Hazards Models
• Prospective Studies
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic (etiology, urine)
• Risk Factors
• Time Factors
• Treatment Outcome
• Up-Regulation
• Young Adult