In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of
thymoquinone, the major constituent of Nigella sativa seeds on the
neuropathic pain of rats with chronic constrictive injury of the sciatic nerve. Rats received repeated administration of
thymoquinone (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg, i. p.) once a day for 14 days, beginning immediately after the nerve injury.
Mechanical allodynia, cold
allodynia, and
thermal hyperalgesia were assessed with the von Frey filament,
acetone drop, or radiant heat stimulus, respectively. Recent evidence points towards a role of oxidative stress, spinal glia activation, and cell death in the pathogenesis of
neuropathic pain. Ionized
calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (a marker of microglia),
glial fibrillary acidic protein (a marker of astroglia),
Bcl2-associated X protein (a proapoptotic
protein), and
B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (an antiapoptotic
protein) were measured using Western blot on days 3, 7, and 14 post chronic constrictive injury. The changes in the
protein levels of
malondialdehyde and
glutathione,
biomarkers of oxidative stress, were assessed by spectrophotometric assay on day 14 post chronic constrictive injury. Repeated treatment with
thymoquinone (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) significantly alleviated behavioral signs of
neuropathic pain. In the lumbar spinal cord of neuropathic rats, ionized
calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 and
Bcl2-associated X protein increased on day 3 post chronic constrictive injury, whereas
B-cell lymphoma protein 2 did not significantly change. After repeated
thymoquinone administration, the elevated
Bcl2-associated X protein and ionized
calcium-binding adapter molecule reduced on day 3, while the level of
B-cell lymphoma protein 2 was even stimulated. Ionized
calcium-binding adapter molecule and
Bcl2-associated X protein/
B-cell lymphoma protein 2 ratio declined by days 7 and 14; consequently, there were no significant differences among groups. No or little change was observed in the
glial fibrillary acidic protein content during the study. Chronic constrictive injury produced a significant increase in the levels of
malondialdehyde and decrease in the contents of
glutathione on day 14.
Thymoquinone treatment (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) restored the levels of
malondialdehyde. High dose of
thymoquinone (5 mg/kg) also reversed the decreased
glutathione in the injured animals. Our results indicate that, microglia, apoptotic factors, and oxidative stress rather than astroglia contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic constrictive injury, and
thymoquinone plays an anti-nociceptive role possibly by
antioxidant effects and inhibition of microglia activity.