The bottlenecks of current
chemotherapy in the treatment of
colorectal cancer lie in the ineffectiveness of the existing anti-
cancer small molecule drugs as well as the dose-limiting toxicity caused by the nonselective action on normal tissues by such drugs. To address these problems, we introduce a novel therapeutic strategy based on
tumor targeting using a non-internalizing anti-
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
monoclonal antibody (mAb) and intracellular delivery of the extremely potent yet cell-impermeable
protein toxin
gelonin via the aid of a
cell-penetrating peptide (also termed as
protein transduction domain; PTD). A chimeric TAT-
gelonin fusion
protein was genetically engineered, and it displayed remarkably enhanced anti-
cancer activity against human
colorectal cancer cells, with IC50 values being several orders of magnitude lower than the unmodified
gelonin. On the other hand, a chemically synthesized conjugate of
heparin and a murine anti-CEA mAb, T84.66 (termed T84.66-Hep) was found able to bind highly specifically to CEA over-expressing LS174T
colorectal cancer cells. When mixing together, TAT-
gelonin and T84.66-Hep could associate tightly and automatically through an electrostatic interaction between the cationic TAT and anionic
heparin. In preliminary in vivo studies using LS174T s.c. xenograft
tumor bearing mouse, selective and significantly augmented (58-fold) delivery of TAT-
gelonin to the
tumor target was observed, when compared with administration of TAT-
gelonin alone. More importantly, efficacy studies also revealed that only the TAT-
gelonin/T84.66-Hep complex yielded a significant inhibition of
tumor growth (46%) without causing
gelonin-induced systemic toxicity. Overall, this study suggested a generic strategy to effectively yet safely deliver potent PTD-modified
protein toxins to the
tumor.