Fungal endocarditis: current challenges.

Abstract

Whilst it used to affect mostly intravenous drug users and patients who underwent valvular surgery with suboptimal infection control procedures, fungal endocarditis is now mostly observed in patients with severe immunodeficiency (onco-haematology), in association with chronic central venous access and broad-spectrum antibiotic use. The incidence of fungal endocarditis has probably decreased in most developed countries with access to harm-reduction policies (i.e. needle exchange programmes) and with improved infection control procedures during cardiac surgery. Use of specific blood culture bottles for diagnosis of fungal endocarditis has decreased due to optimisation of media and automated culture systems. Meanwhile, the advent of rapid techniques, including fungal antigen detection (galactomannan, mannan/anti-mannan antibodies and β-1,3-d-glucans) and PCR (e.g. universal fungal PCR targeting 18S rRNA genes), shall improve sensitivity and reduce diagnostics delays, although limited data are available on their use for the diagnosis of fungal endocarditis. New antifungal agents available since the early 2000s may represent dramatic improvement for fungal endocarditis: (i) a new class, the echinocandins, has the potential to improve the management of Candida endocarditis owing to its fungicidal effect on yeasts as well as tolerability of increased dosages; and (ii) improved survival in patients with invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole compared with amphotericin B, and this may apply to Aspergillus sp. endocarditis as well, although its prognosis remains dismal. These achievements may allow selected patients to be cured with prolonged medical treatment alone when surgery is considered too risky.

• Authors: Pierre Tattevin, Matthieu Revest, Agnès Lefort, Christian Michelet, Olivier Lortholary
• Journal: International journal of antimicrobial agents (Int J Antimicrob Agents) Vol. 44 Issue 4 Pg. 290-4 (Oct 2014) ISSN: 1872-7913 [Electronic] Netherlands
• PMID: 25178919 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Antifungal Agents

Topics

• Antifungal Agents (isolation & purification, therapeutic use)
• Drug Therapy (methods, trends)
• Endocarditis (diagnosis, drug therapy, epidemiology, microbiology)
• Humans
• Microbiological Techniques (methods, trends)
• Mycoses (diagnosis, drug therapy, epidemiology, microbiology)