The
anticancer agent 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-[(methylamino)carbonyl]
hydrazine (
laromustine), upon decomposition in situ, yields
methyl isocyanate and the chloroethylating species
1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)hydrazine (90CE). 90CE has been shown to kill
tumor cells via a proposed mechanism that involves interstrand
DNA cross-linking. However, the role of
methyl isocyanate in the
antineoplastic function of
laromustine has not been delineated. Herein, we show that 1,2-bis(methylsulfonyl)-1-[(methylamino)carbonyl]
hydrazine (101MDCE), an analog of
laromustine that generates only
methyl isocyanate, activates ASK1-JNK/p38 signaling in endothelial cells (EC). We have previously shown that ASK1 forms a complex with reduced
thioredoxin (Trx1) in resting EC, and that the Cys residues in ASK1 and Trx1 are critical for their interaction. 101MDCE dissociated ASK1 from Trx1, but not from the
phosphoserine-binding inhibitor 14-3-3, in whole cells and in cell lysates, consistent with the known ability of
methyl isocyanate to carbamoylate free
thiol groups of
proteins. 101MDCE had no effect on the
kinase activity of purified ASK1, JNK, or the catalytic activity of Trx1. However, 101MDCE, but not 90CE, significantly decreased the activity of Trx reductase-1 (TrxR1). We conclude that
methyl isocyanate induces dissociation of ASK1 from Trx1 either directly by carbamoylating the critical Cys groups in the ASK1-Trx1 complex or indirectly by inhibiting TrxR1. Furthermore, 101MDCE (but not 90CE) induced EC death through a non-apoptotic (necroptotic) pathway leading to inhibition of angiogenesis in vitro. Our study has identified methyl
isocyanates may contribute to the anticancer activity in part by interfering with
tumor angiogenesis.