Dietary phytochemicals are excellent ROS-modulating agents and have been shown to effectively enhance ROS levels beyond toxic threshold in
cancer cells to ensure their selective killing while leaving normal cells unscathed. Here we demonstrate that
hydroxychavicol (HC), extracted and purified from Piper betel leaves, significantly inhibits growth and proliferation via ROS generation in human
prostate cancer, PC-3 cells. HC perturbed cell-cycle kinetics and progression, reduced clonogenicity and mediated cytotoxicity by ROS-induced DNA damage leading to activation of several pro-apoptotic molecules. In addition, HC treatment elicited a novel autophagic response as evidenced by the appearance of acidic vesicular organelles and increased expression of autophagic markers, LC3-IIb and
beclin-1. Interestingly, quenching of ROS with
tiron, an
antioxidant, offered significant protection against HC-induced inhibition of cell growth and down regulation of
caspase-3, suggesting the crucial role of ROS in mediating cell death. The collapse of mitochondrial transmembrane potential by HC further revealed the link between ROS generation and induction of
caspase-mediated apoptosis in PC-3 cells. Our data showed remarkable inhibition of prostate
tumor xenografts by ~72% upon daily
oral administration of 150mg/kg bw HC by quantitative
tumor volume measurements and non-invasive real-time bioluminescent imaging. HC was well-tolerated at this dosing level without any observable toxicity. This is the first report to demonstrate the anti-
prostate cancer efficacy of HC in vitro and in vivo, which is perhaps attributable to its selective prooxidant activity to eliminate
cancer cells thus providing compelling grounds for future preclinical studies to validate its potential usefulness for
prostate cancer management.