A gatekeeper helix determines the substrate specificity of Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome enzyme fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Abstract

Mutations in the gene coding for membrane-bound fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH) lead to toxic accumulation of lipid species and development of the Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome (SLS), a rare disorder characterized by skin defects and mental retardation. Here, we present the crystallographic structure of human FALDH, the first model of a membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenase. The dimeric FALDH displays a previously unrecognized element in its C-terminal region, a 'gatekeeper' helix, which extends over the adjacent subunit, controlling the access to the substrate cavity and helping orientate both substrate cavities towards the membrane surface for efficient substrate transit between membranes and catalytic site. Activity assays demonstrate that the gatekeeper helix is important for directing the substrate specificity of FALDH towards long-chain fatty aldehydes. The gatekeeper feature is conserved across membrane-associated aldehyde dehydrogenases. Finally, we provide insight into the previously elusive molecular basis of SLS-causing mutations.

• Authors: Markus A Keller, Ulrich Zander, Julian E Fuchs, Christoph Kreutz, Katrin Watschinger, Thomas Mueller, Georg Golderer, Klaus R Liedl, Markus Ralser, Bernhard Kräutler, Ernst R Werner, Jose A Marquez
• Journal: Nature communications (Nat Commun) Vol. 5 Pg. 4439 (Jul 22 2014) ISSN: 2041-1723 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 25047030 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Aldehyde Oxidoreductases
• long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase

Topics

• Aldehyde Oxidoreductases (chemistry, genetics, metabolism)
• Cell Membrane (metabolism)
• Crystallography, X-Ray
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Models, Molecular
• Mutation
• Protein Conformation
• Protein Multimerization
• Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome (enzymology, genetics)
• Substrate Specificity