Ion transport in pigmentation.

Abstract

Skin melanocytes and ocular pigment cells contain specialized organelles called melanosomes, which are responsible for the synthesis of melanin, the major pigment in mammals. Defects in the complex mechanisms involved in melanin synthesis and regulation result in vision and pigmentation deficits, impaired development of the visual system, and increased susceptibility to skin and eye cancers. Ion transport across cellular membranes is critical for many biological processes, including pigmentation, but the molecular mechanisms by which it regulates melanin synthesis, storage, and transfer are not understood. In this review we first discuss ion channels and transporters that function at the plasma membrane of melanocytes; in the second part we consider ion transport across the membrane of intracellular organelles, with emphasis on melanosomes. We discuss recently characterized lysosomal and endosomal ion channels and transporters associated with pigmentation phenotypes. We then review the evidence for melanosomal channels and transporters critical for pigmentation, discussing potential molecular mechanisms mediating their function. The studies investigating ion transport in pigmentation physiology open new avenues for future research and could reveal novel molecular mechanisms underlying melanogenesis.

• Authors: Nicholas W Bellono, Elena V Oancea
• Journal: Archives of biochemistry and biophysics (Arch Biochem Biophys) Vol. 563 Pg. 35-41 (Dec 01 2014) ISSN: 1096-0384 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 25034214 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)

Chemical References

• Ion Channels
• Melanins

Topics

• Animals
• Calcium Signaling
• Endosomes (metabolism)
• Humans
• Intracellular Membranes (metabolism)
• Ion Channels (metabolism)
• Ion Transport (physiology)
• Lysosomes (metabolism)
• Melanins (biosynthesis)
• Melanocytes (metabolism)
• Melanosomes (metabolism)
• Membrane Potentials
• Pigmentation (physiology)