Rhinovirus (RV) causes
asthma exacerbations. Previously, we showed that adherent bronchoalveolar cells from
allergen-treated mice produce
IL-13 when stimulated with RV ex vivo, implicating cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in viral-induced airway
inflammation. In this study, we hypothesized that RV
infection of
allergen-treated mice results in
IL-13 production by CD11b+ exudative macrophages in vivo. We sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice with
ovalbumin (OVA), after which mice were inoculated with RV or
sham HeLa cell lysate. After 1 day, lungs were harvested, and cell
suspensions were analyzed by flow cytometry. We repeated this process in
IL-13 reporter mice, CD11b-DTR mice in which
diphtheria toxin selectively depletes CD11b+ cells, and
chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) null mice. We found that lungs of mice infected with RV alone showed increases in CD45+, CD68+, F4/80+, Ly6C+, and CD11b(high) cells, indicating an influx of inflammatory monocytes and exudative macrophages. The combination of OVA and RV had synergistic effects on the exudative macrophage number. However, CD11b+ cells from OVA-treated, RV-infected mice showed M2 polarization, including expression of CD206 and CD301 and production of
IL-13. Similar results were obtained in
IL-13 reporter mice.
Diphtheria toxin depleted CD11b+, IL-13-producing cells in OVA-treated, RV-infected, CD11b-DTR mice, decreasing airway
inflammation and responsiveness. CD11b+, Ly6C+ cells were reduced in CCR2 knockout mice. We conclude that, in contrast to naive mice, RV
infection of mice with allergic airways disease induces an influx of IL-13-producing CD11b+ exudative macrophages bearing M2 macrophage markers. This finding further implicates alternatively activated macrophages in RV-induced
asthma exacerbations.