Intranasal delivery of
DNA vaccines has become a popular research area recently. It offers some distinguished advantages over parenteral and other routes of
vaccine administration. Nasal mucosa as site of
vaccine administration can stimulate respiratory mucosal immunity by interacting with the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALT). Different kinds of
DNA vaccines are investigated to provide protection against respiratory
infectious diseases including
tuberculosis, coronavirus,
influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) etc.
DNA vaccines have several attractive development potential, such as producing cross-protection towards different virus subtypes, enabling the possibility of mass manufacture in a relatively short time and a better safety profile. The biggest obstacle to
DNA vaccines is low immunogenicity. One of the approaches to enhance the efficacy of
DNA vaccine is to improve
DNA delivery efficiency. This review provides insight on the development of intranasal
DNA vaccine for
respiratory infections, with special attention paid to the strategies to improve the delivery of
DNA vaccines using non-viral delivery agents.