Sialosignaling: sialyltransferases as engines of self-fueling loops in cancer progression.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Glycosylation is increasingly recognized as one of the most relevant postranslational modifications. Sialic acids are negatively charged sugars which frequently terminate the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids. The addition of sialic acids is mediated by sialyltransferases, a family of glycosyltransferases with a crucial role in cancer progression.

SCOPE OF THE REVIEW:

To describe the phenotypic and clinical implications of altered expression of sialyltransferases and of their cognate sialylated structures in cancer. To propose a unifying model of the role of sialyltransferases and sialylated structures on cancer progression.

MAJOR CONCLUSIONS:

We first discuss the biosynthesis and the role played by the major cancer-associated sialylated structures, including Thomsen-Friedenreich-associated antigens, sialyl Lewis antigens, α2,6-sialylated lactosamine, polysialic acid and gangliosides. Then, we show that altered sialyltransferase expression in cancer, consequence of genetic and epigenetic alterations, generates a flow of information toward the membrane through the biosynthesis of aberrantly sialylated molecules (inside-out signaling). In turn, the presence of aberrantly sialylated structures on cell membrane receptors generates a flow of information toward the nucleus, which can exacerbate the neoplastic phenotype (outside-in signaling). We provide examples of self-fueling loops generated by these flows of information.

GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:

Sialyltransferases have a wide impact on the biology of cancer and can be the target of innovative therapies. Our unified view provides a conceptual framework to understand the impact of altered glycosylation in cancer.

• Authors: Fabio Dall'Olio, Nadia Malagolini, Marco Trinchera, Mariella Chiricolo
• Journal: Biochimica et biophysica acta (Biochim Biophys Acta) Vol. 1840 Issue 9 Pg. 2752-64 (Sep 2014) ISSN: 0006-3002 [Print] Netherlands
• PMID: 24949982 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Review)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Neoplasm Proteins
• Sialyltransferases

Topics

• Animals
• Disease Progression
• Humans
• Neoplasm Proteins (genetics, metabolism)
• Neoplasms (enzymology, genetics, pathology)
• Sialyltransferases (genetics, metabolism)
• Signal Transduction