Neuroinflammation mediated by activation of microglia and interruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an important factor that contributes to neuron death and
infarct area diffusion in
ischemia reperfusion injury. Finding novel molecules to regulate
neuroinflammation is of significant clinical value. We have previously shown that
adjudin, a small molecule compound known to possess antispermatogenic function, attenuates microglia activation by suppression of the NF-κB pathway. In this study we continued to explore whether
adjudin could be neuroprotective by using the transient
middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model.
Adjudin treatment after reperfusion significantly decreased the
infarction volume and neuroscore compared to the vehicle group. Staining of CD11b showed that
adjudin markedly inhibited microglial activation in both the cortex and the striatum, accompanied by a reduction in the expression and release of
cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and
IL-6. Concomitantly,
adjudin noticeably prevented BBB disruption after
ischemia and reperfusion, as indicated by the reduction of
IgG detection in the brain cortex and striatum versus the vehicle group. This finding was also corroborated by immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting of tight junction-related
proteins ZO-1, JAM-A and
Occludin, where the reduction of these
proteins could be attenuated by
adjudin treatment. Moreover,
adjudin obviously inhibited the elevated MMP-9 activity after
stroke. Together these data demonstrate that
adjudin protects against
cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury, and we present an effective
neuroinflammation modulator with clinical potential.