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The effects of a novel hormonal breast cancer therapy, endoxifen, on the mouse skeleton.

Abstract
Endoxifen has recently been identified as the predominant active metabolite of tamoxifen and is currently being developed as a novel hormonal therapy for the treatment of endocrine sensitive breast cancer. Based on past studies in breast cancer cells and model systems, endoxifen classically functions as an anti-estrogenic compound. Since estrogen and estrogen receptors play critical roles in mediating bone homeostasis, and endoxifen is currently being implemented as a novel breast cancer therapy, we sought to comprehensively characterize the in vivo effects of endoxifen on the mouse skeleton. Two month old ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice were treated with vehicle or 50 mg/kg/day endoxifen hydrochloride via oral gavage for 45 days. Animals were analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, micro-computed tomography and histomorphometry. Serum from control and endoxifen treated mice was evaluated for bone resorption and bone formation markers. Gene expression changes were monitored in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and the cortical shells of long bones from endoxifen treated mice and in a human fetal osteoblast cell line. Endoxifen treatment led to significantly higher bone mineral density and bone mineral content throughout the skeleton relative to control animals. Endoxifen treatment also resulted in increased numbers of osteoblasts and osteoclasts per tissue area, which was corroborated by increased serum levels of bone formation and resorption markers. Finally, endoxifen induced the expression of osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte marker genes. These studies are the first to examine the in vivo and in vitro impacts of endoxifen on bone and our results demonstrate that endoxifen increases cancellous as well as cortical bone mass in ovariectomized mice, effects that may have implications for postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
AuthorsAnne Gingery, Malayannan Subramaniam, Kevin S Pitel, Jordan M Reese, Muzaffer Cicek, Laurence B Lindenmaier, James N Ingle, Matthew P Goetz, Russell T Turner, Urszula T Iwaniec, Thomas C Spelsberg, John R Hawse
JournalPloS one (PLoS One) Vol. 9 Issue 5 Pg. e98219 ( 2014) ISSN: 1932-6203 [Electronic] United States
PMID24853369 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal
  • DNA Primers
  • Tamoxifen
  • 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen
Topics
  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal (pharmacology, therapeutic use)
  • Base Sequence
  • Bone and Bones (drug effects)
  • Breast Neoplasms (drug therapy)
  • DNA Primers
  • Female
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred C57BL
  • Ovariectomy
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction
  • Tamoxifen (analogs & derivatives, pharmacology, therapeutic use)

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