Abstract | OBJECTIVES: To assess the importance of including do-not-resuscitate status in critical care observational comparative effectiveness research. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: All California hospitals participating in the 2007 California State Inpatient Database, which provides do-not-resuscitate status within the first 24 hours of admission. PATIENTS: INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We investigated the association of early do-not-resuscitate status with in-hospital mortality among patients with septic shock. We also examined the strength of confounding of do-not-resuscitate status on the association between activated protein C therapy and mortality, an association with conflicting results between observational and randomized studies. We identified 24,408 patients with septic shock; 19.6% had a do-not-resuscitate order. Compared with patients without a do-not-resuscitate order, those with a do-not-resuscitate order were significantly more likely to be older (75 ± 14 vs 67 ± 16 yr) and white (62% vs 53%), with more acute organ failures (1.44 ± 1.15 vs 1.38 ± 1.15), but fewer inpatient interventions (1.0 ± 1.0 vs 1.4 ± 1.1). Adding do-not-resuscitate status to a model with 47 covariates improved mortality discrimination (c-statistic, 0.73-0.76; p < 0.001). Addition of do-not-resuscitate status to a multivariable model assessing the association between activated protein C and mortality resulted in a 9% shift in the activated protein C effect estimate toward the null (odds ratio from 0.78 [95% CI, 0.62-0.99], p = 0.04, to 0.85 [0.67-1.08], p = 0.18). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with septic shock, do-not-resuscitate status acts as a strong confounder that may inform past discrepancies between observational and randomized studies of activated protein C. Inclusion of early do-not-resuscitate status into more administrative databases may improve observational comparative effectiveness methodology.
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Authors | Mark A Bradford, Peter K Lindenauer, Renda Soylemez Wiener, Allan J Walkey |
Journal | Critical care medicine
(Crit Care Med)
Vol. 42
Issue 9
Pg. 2042-7
(Sep 2014)
ISSN: 1530-0293 [Electronic] United States |
PMID | 24810532
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural)
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Chemical References |
- Fibrinolytic Agents
- Protein C
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Topics |
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- California
- Comparative Effectiveness Research
- Female
- Fibrinolytic Agents
(administration & dosage)
- Health Status Indicators
- Hospital Mortality
- Humans
- Intensive Care Units
(organization & administration, statistics & numerical data)
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Protein C
(administration & dosage)
- Racial Groups
- Resuscitation Orders
- Retrospective Studies
- Shock, Septic
(mortality, therapy)
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