Abstract |
Polyhexamethyleneguanidine phosphate (PHMG-P) has been widely used as a disinfectant because of its strong bactericidal activity and low toxicity. However, in 2011, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Ministry of Health and Welfare reported that a suspicious outbreak of pulmonary disease might have originated from humidifier disinfectants. The purpose of this study was to assess the toxicity of PHMG-P following direct exposure to the lung. PHMG-P (0.3, 0.9, or 1.5 mg/kg) was instilled into the lungs of mice. The levels of proinflammatory markers and fibrotic markers were quantified in lung tissues and flow cytometry was used to evaluate T cell distribution in the thymus. Administration of PHMG-P induced proinflammatory cytokines elevation and infiltration of immune cells into the lungs. Histopathological analysis revealed a dose-dependent exacerbation of both inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis on day 14. PHMG-P also decreased the total cell number and the CD4(+)/CD8(+) cell ratio in the thymus, with the histopathological examination indicating severe reduction of cortex and medulla. The mRNA levels of biomarkers associated with T cell development also decreased markedly. These findings suggest that exposure of lung tissue to PHMG-P leads to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis as well as thymic atrophy.
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Authors | Jeong Ah Song, Hyun-Ju Park, Mi-Jin Yang, Kyung Jin Jung, Hyo-Seon Yang, Chang-Woo Song, Kyuhong Lee |
Journal | Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
(Food Chem Toxicol)
Vol. 69
Pg. 267-75
(Jul 2014)
ISSN: 1873-6351 [Electronic] England |
PMID | 24769016
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Copyright | Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
Chemical References |
- Cytokines
- Guanidines
- polyhexamethyleneguanidine
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Topics |
- Animals
- Atrophy
(chemically induced)
- Body Weight
(drug effects)
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
(drug effects)
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes
(drug effects)
- Cytokines
(metabolism)
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation
(drug effects)
- Guanidines
(toxicity)
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Size
(drug effects)
- Pneumonia
(chemically induced, pathology)
- Pulmonary Fibrosis
(chemically induced, pathology)
- Thymus Gland
(drug effects, pathology)
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