Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL causes necrotic membrane disruption upon phosphorylation by RIP3.

Abstract	Programmed necrotic cell death induced by the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) family of cytokines is dependent on a kinase cascade consisting of receptor-interacting kinases RIP1 and RIP3. How these kinase activities cause cells to die by necrosis is not known. The mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein MLKL is a functional RIP3 substrate that binds to RIP3 through its kinase-like domain but lacks kinase activity of its own. RIP3 phosphorylates MLKL at the T357 and S358 sites. Reported here is the development of a monoclonal antibody that specifically recognizes phosphorylated MLKL in cells dying of this pathway and in human liver biopsy samples from patients suffering from drug-induced liver injury. The phosphorylated MLKL forms an oligomer that binds to phosphatidylinositol lipids and cardiolipin. This property allows MLKL to move from the cytosol to the plasma and intracellular membranes, where it directly disrupts membrane integrity, resulting in necrotic death.
Authors	Huayi Wang, Liming Sun, Lijing Su, Josep Rizo, Lei Liu, Li-Feng Wang, Fu-Sheng Wang, Xiaodong Wang
Journal	Molecular cell (Mol Cell) Vol. 54 Issue 1 Pg. 133-146 (Apr 10 2014) ISSN: 1097-4164 [Electronic] United States
PMID	24703947 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Copyright	Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chemical References	Antibodies, Monoclonal Cardiolipins Membrane Lipids MLKL protein, human Protein Kinases RIPK3 protein, human Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
Topics	Antibodies, Monoclonal (immunology) Binding Sites Cardiolipins (metabolism) Cell Membrane (enzymology, pathology) Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury (enzymology, pathology) HT29 Cells HeLa Cells Humans Intracellular Membranes (enzymology, pathology) Liver (enzymology, pathology) Membrane Lipids (metabolism) Necrosis Phosphorylation Protein Conformation Protein Kinases (genetics, immunology, metabolism) Protein Transport RNA Interference Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases (genetics, metabolism) Signal Transduction Substrate Specificity Time Factors Transfection

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