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Social cognition and underlying cognitive mechanisms in children with an extra X chromosome: a comparison with autism spectrum disorder.

Abstract
Individuals with an extra X chromosome are at increased risk for autism symptoms. This study is the first to assess theory of mind and facial affect labeling in children with an extra X chromosome. Forty-six children with an extra X chromosome (29 boys with Klinefelter syndrome and 17 girls with Trisomy X), 56 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 88 non-clinical controls, aged 9-18 years, were included. Similar to children with ASD, children with an extra X chromosome showed significant impairments in social cognition. Regression analyses showed that different cognitive functions predicted social cognitive skills in the extra X and ASD groups. The social cognitive deficits were similar for boys and girls with an extra X chromosome, and not specific for a subgroup with high Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised autism scores. Thus, children with an extra X chromosome show social cognitive deficits, which may contribute to social dysfunction, not only in children showing a developmental pattern that is 'typical' for autism but also in those showing mild or late presenting autism symptoms. Our findings may also help explain variance in type of social deficit: children may show similar social difficulties, but these may arise as a consequence of different underlying information processing deficits.
AuthorsS van Rijn, L Stockmann, G van Buggenhout, C van Ravenswaaij-Arts, H Swaab
JournalGenes, brain, and behavior (Genes Brain Behav) Vol. 13 Issue 5 Pg. 459-67 (Jun 2014) ISSN: 1601-183X [Electronic] England
PMID24655419 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Copyright© 2014 John Wiley & Sons Ltd and International Behavioural and Neural Genetics Society.
Topics
  • Adolescent
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (diagnosis, physiopathology)
  • Child
  • Chromosomes, Human, X
  • Cognition
  • Emotional Intelligence
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Sex Chromosome Aberrations
  • Sex Chromosome Disorders of Sex Development (diagnosis, physiopathology)
  • Social Behavior
  • Trisomy (diagnosis, physiopathology)

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