Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of
dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that
formaldehyde might be one of the various pathological mechanisms involved in the process of AD onset. Here, we use an AD mouse model, senescence accelerated mouse-prone 8 strain (SAMP8), to study the relationship between endogenous
formaldehyde and impairment of cognition. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory ability of 3-month-old SAMP8 mice, and we correlated the results with endogenous
formaldehyde concentrations in the brain. To investigate the underlying reasons for
formaldehyde elevation in
neurodegenerative diseases, the expression levels of
enzymes involved in
formaldehyde metabolism were analyzed, including (anabolic)
semicarbazide sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) and (catabolic)
alcohol dehydrogenase III (ADH3). When compared with age-matched SAMR1 mice, we found that in 3-month-old SAMP8 mice the capacity for spatial learning and memory was lower, while brain
formaldehyde levels were higher. By using real-time PCR, western blotting,
enzyme assay, and immunohistochemistry techniques, we discovered that SSAO expression levels were increased, whereas ADH3 exhibited reduced expression levels of
mRNA,
protein, and
enzyme activity. The imbalance of these metabolic
enzymes may represent a causal explanation for the observed
formaldehyde elevation in the SAMP8 brain. Such increase could be responsible for the observed tau hyperphosphorylation assumed to result in
protein aggregation, ultimately leading to
cognitive impairment. Taken together, our study gives new insights into the role of metabolic
enzymes in age-related accumulation of
formaldehyde, and thus the establishment of
neurodegenerative diseases.