Two main techniques are used to
stain the three types of brain lesions characteristic of
Alzheimer's disease: Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT),
senile plaques (SP) and
congophilic angiopathy.
Thioflavine-S is an histochemical marker of the
amyloid substance located essentially in the central core of
senile plaques and in the walls of the pathological blood vessels. Specific
antibodies against Paired Helical Filaments (PHF), the ultrastructural elements of NFT, reveal neuron cell bodies with NFT and numerous dystrophic neurites, mostly around
neuritic plaques. Using simultaneous histochemical and immunohistochemical labellings on the same tissue sections of Alzheimer cortex (association cortex and hippocampus), the different lesions were stained with great sensitivity and specificity. Moreover, an unusual morphological relationship between two types of lesions was detected in two Alzheimer brains with prominent
congophilic angiopathy: we observed a well marked concentration of dystrophic neurites, immunolabelled with anti-PHF, around blood vessels with
Thioflavine-S stained
amyloid angiopathy. These lesions were distributed like a sleeve around 1/10 of dyshoric or congophilic blood vessels. The significance of such lesions is unknown but they probably represent a step of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer brain lesions and may explain the general mechanism of lesion formation in
Alzheimer's disease.