Human
fungal infections represent a therapeutic challenge. Although effective strategies for treatment are available, resistance is spreading, and many
therapies have unacceptable side effects. A clear need for novel antifungal targets and molecules is thus emerging. Here, we present the identification and characterization of the plant-derived diyne-
furan fatty acid EV-086 as a novel antifungal compound. EV-086 has potent and broad-spectrum activity in vitro against Candida, Aspergillus, and Trichophyton spp., whereas activities against bacteria and human cell lines are very low. Chemical-genetic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion mutants identified
lipid metabolic processes and organelle organization and biogenesis as targets of EV-086. Pathway modeling suggested that EV-086 inhibits delta-9
fatty acid desaturation, an essential process in S. cerevisiae, depending on the
delta-9 fatty acid desaturase OLE1. Delta-9
unsaturated fatty acids-but not
saturated fatty acids-antagonized the EV-086-mediated growth inhibition, and transcription of the OLE1 gene was strongly upregulated in the presence of EV-086. EV-086 increased the ratio of saturated to unsaturated
free fatty acids and
phosphatidylethanolamine fatty acyl chains, respectively. Furthermore, EV-086 was rapidly taken up into the
lipid fraction of the cell and incorporated into
phospholipids. Together, these findings demonstrate that EV-086 is an inhibitor of delta-9
fatty acid desaturation and that the mechanism of inhibition might involve an EV-086-phospholipid. Finally, EV-086 showed efficacy in a guinea pig skin
dermatophytosis model of topical
Trichophyton infection, which demonstrates that delta-9
fatty acid desaturation is a valid antifungal target, at least for
dermatophytoses.