Temporal production of the signaling lipid phosphatidic acid by phospholipase D2 determines the output of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in cancer cells.

Abstract	The Ras-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade is an important signaling module in cells. One regulator of the Ras-ERK cascade is phosphatidic acid (PA) generated by phospholipase D (PLD) and diacylglycerol kinase (DGK). Using a newly developed PA biosensor, PASS (phosphatidic acid biosensor with superior sensitivity), we found that PA was generated sequentially by PLD and DGK in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HCC1806 breast cancer cells. Inhibition of PLD2, one of the two PLD members, was sufficient to eliminate most of the PA production, whereas inhibition of DGK decreased PA production only at the later stages of EGF stimulation, suggesting that PLD2 precedes DGK activation. The temporal production of PA by PLD2 is important for the nuclear activation of ERK. While inhibition of both PLD and DGK had no effect on the overall ERK activity, inhibition of PLD2 but not PLD1 or DGK blocked the nuclear ERK activity in several cancer cell lines. The decrease of active ERK in the nucleus inhibited the activation of Elk1, c-fos, and Fra1, the ERK nuclear targets, leading to decreased proliferation of HCC1806 cells. Together, these findings reveal that PA production by PLD2 determines the output of ERK in cancer cell growth factor signaling.
Authors	Feng Zhang, Ziqing Wang, Maryia Lu, Yoshiya Yonekubo, Xiao Liang, Yueqiang Zhang, Ping Wu, Yong Zhou, Sergio Grinstein, John F Hancock, Guangwei Du
Journal	Molecular and cellular biology (Mol Cell Biol) Vol. 34 Issue 1 Pg. 84-95 (Jan 2014) ISSN: 1098-5549 [Electronic] United States
PMID	24164897 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.)
Chemical References	Luminescent Proteins Phosphatidic Acids Qb-SNARE Proteins Qc-SNARE Proteins Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins Spo20 protein, S cerevisiae red fluorescent protein Green Fluorescent Proteins Epidermal Growth Factor Diacylglycerol Kinase Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases phospholipase D2 Phospholipase D
Topics	Animals Binding Sites (genetics) Blotting, Western CHO Cells Cell Line, Tumor Cell Membrane (drug effects, metabolism) Cell Nucleus (drug effects, metabolism) Cell Proliferation (drug effects) Cricetinae Cricetulus Diacylglycerol Kinase (genetics, metabolism) Epidermal Growth Factor (pharmacology) Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (genetics, metabolism) Green Fluorescent Proteins (genetics, metabolism) HEK293 Cells Humans Luminescent Proteins (genetics, metabolism) Microscopy, Confocal Neoplasms (genetics, metabolism, pathology) Phosphatidic Acids (metabolism) Phospholipase D (genetics, metabolism) Qb-SNARE Proteins (genetics, metabolism) Qc-SNARE Proteins (genetics, metabolism) RNA Interference Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins (genetics, metabolism) Signal Transduction Time Factors

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