The absence of consistent end organ abnormalities in many
chronic pain syndromes has led to a search for maladaptive CNS mechanisms that may explain their clinical presentations and course. Here, we addressed the role of brain regional μ-
opioid receptor-mediated neurotransmission, one of the best recognized mechanisms of
pain regulation, in chronic
back pain in human subjects. We compared μ-
opioid receptor availability in vivo at baseline, during
pain expectation, and with moderate levels of sustained
pain in 16 patients with chronic nonspecific
back pain (CNBP) and in 16 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects, using the μ-
opioid receptor-selective radioligand [(11)C]
carfentanil and positron emission tomography. We found that CNBP patients showed baseline increases in thalamic μ-
opioid receptor availability, contrary to a previously studied sample of patients diagnosed with
fibromyalgia. During both
pain expectation and sustained
pain challenges, CNBP patients showed regional reductions in the capacity to activate this
neurotransmitter system compared with their control sample, further associated with clinical
pain and affective state ratings. Our results demonstrate heterogeneity in endogenous
opioid system functional measures across
pain conditions, and alterations in both receptor availability and endogenous
opioid function in CNBP that are relevant to the clinical presentation of these patients and the effects of
opioid analgesics on μ-
opioid receptors.