Sinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, has potent anti-microbial and anti-
tumorigenesis effects towards
melanoma and
bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of
sinulariolide on
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth and
protein expression.
Sinulariolide suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of HCC HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced both early and late apoptosis according to flow cytometry,
Annexin V/PI
stain and TUNEL/
DAPI stain analyses. A mechanistic analysis demonstrated that
sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was activated through a mitochondria-related pathway, showing up-regulation of Bax, Bad and AIF, and down- regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, MCl-1 and p-Bad.
Sinulariolide treatment led to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial
cytochrome c to the cytosol, and activation of both
caspase-9 and
caspase-3.
Sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by the
caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and
Z-DEVD-FMK. The increased expression of cleaved PARP also suggested that
caspase-independent apoptotic pathway was involved. In the western blotting; the elevation of ER chaperones
GRP78;
GRP94; and CALR; as well as up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP; and diminished cell death with pre-treatment of eIF2α
phosphatase inhibitor;
salubrinal; implicated the involvement of ER stress-mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptotic pathway following
sinulariolide treatment in
hepatoma cells. The current study suggested
sinulariolide-induced
hepatoma cell cytotoxicity involved multiple apoptotic signal pathways. This may implicate that
sinulariolide is a potential compound for the treatment of
hepatocellular carcinoma.