Phase II detoxification
enzymes are known to play essential roles in the detoxification and elimination of activated
carcinogens during
tumor initiation, while apoptosis is one of the most important chemopreventive targets for inhibiting
tumor promotion in
cancer. In this study, we investigated the
cancer chemopreventive activity of two
plant extracts, the ethanolic extract of Adenocaulon himalaicum (AHE) and the butanolic fraction of AHE (AHB). Both, the AHE and AHB induced NQO1 activity and had relatively high
chemoprevention indices (CI=12.4). The AHE and AHB were associated with increased NQO1 and HO-1
mRNA levels via Nrf2-ARE pathway activation. In addition, the AHB increased
CYP1A1 activity through AhR-XRE pathway activation. We also found that the AHE and AHB induced apoptosis, as evidenced by
phosphatidylserine externalization, an increase in the sub-G0/G1 content,
chromatin condensation,
poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and p53 induction. These data suggest that AHE and AHB act as bifunctional inducers and that their chemopreventive effects result from the biphasic induction of phase II detoxification
enzymes and apoptosis. Therefore, these results suggest that A. himalaicum
plant extracts have potential for use as chemopreventive agents for the prevention and/or treatment of human
cancers.