Cryofibrinogenemia is a
cryoprotein that was first identified in 1955 by Korst and Kratochvil. Unlike
cryoglobulin, the precipitate forms only in plasma and not in the serum. The presence of
cryofibrinogen in plasma can be asymptomatic.
Cryofibrinogenemia is considered a rare disorder: its prevalence varies from 0% to 7% in healthy subjects and from 8% to 13% in hospitalized patients. Nevertheless,
cryofibrinogenemia, when a cryopathy is clinically suspected, has been reported in 12% to 51% of patients.
Skin manifestations are usually the first signs and are usually moderate; in addition, cold intolerance,
Raynaud phenomenon,
purpura, or
livedo reticularis often occurs. Skin
necrosis,
acral ulcers, and
gangrene can lead to surgery and
amputation. Systemic manifestations are common, and arterial or venous thrombotic events are frequent.
Cryofibrinogenemia may be primary (essential) or secondary to other underlying disorders, such as
carcinoma,
infection,
vasculitis,
collagen disease, or associated with
cryoglobulinemia. The histological features of
cryofibrinogenemia can confirm the presence of
cryofibrinogen within small and medium arteries, plus occlusive thrombotic
diathesis composed of eosinophilic refractile deposits within vessel lumina.
Cryofibrinogenemia is a treatable and potentially reversible disease.In moderate forms, it can be treated by simply avoiding cold temperatures. The use of
corticosteroids in association with low-dose
aspirin is the treatment of choice for moderate forms, although
stanozolol is an alternative maintenance
therapy. Immunosuppressive therapies,
plasmapheresis, and/or intravenous fibrinolysis are useful at treating severe forms of
cryofibrinogenemia. The use of
anticoagulants is limited to the management of thrombotic events. Treatment of secondary
cryofibrinogenemia involves the management of associated diseases. Regular follow-ups are needed because of the high risk of recurrence. Moreover, up to half of patients with
cryofibrinogenemia considered as essential may develop
lymphomas in the following years. Compared with
cryoglobulinemia, less is known about
cryofibrinogenemia. Its diagnosis should be considered when suggestive clinical manifestations are present and when there are specific biopsy findings. Although identification of
cryofibrinogen in blood samples is simple and inexpensive,
cryofibrinogenemia can be asymptomatic, and a lack of diagnosis criteria can make diagnosis difficult to confirm. This review describes the clinical manifestations and the
biological and pathological features and discusses the criteria used to diagnose and manage
cryofibrinogenemia.