HOMEPRODUCTSCOMPANYCONTACTFAQResearchDictionaryPharmaSign Up FREE or Login

Formation and cytotoxicity of a new disinfection by-product (DBP) phenazine by chloramination of water containing diphenylamine.

Abstract
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water have caused worldwide concern due to their potential carcinogenic effects. The formation of phenazine from diphenylamine (DPhA) chloramination was studied and its cytotoxicities for two human cancer cells were also investigated. Phenazine was detected synchronously with the consumption of DPhA by chloramination, which further confirmed that the new DBP phenazine can be produced along with N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA) from DPhA chloramination. The formation of phenazine had a maximum molar yield with solution pH increasing from 5.0 to 9.0, with phenazine as the main product for DPhA chloramination at lower pH, but higher pH favored the formation of NDPhA. Thus, solution pH is the key factor in controlling the formation of phenazine and NDPhA. Both the initial DPhA and chloramine concentrations did not show a significant effect on the molar yields of phenazine, although increasing the chloramine concentration could speed up the reaction rate of DPhA with chloramines. The cytotoxicity assays showed that phenazine had significant cell-specific toxicity towards T24 (bladder cancer cell lines) and HepG2 (hepatic tumor cell lines) cells with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.04 mmol/L, respectively, and T24 cells being more sensitive to phenazine than HepG2 cells. The IC50 values of phenazine, DPhA, and NDPhA for T24 cells were of the same order of magnitude and the cytotoxicity of phenazine for T24 cells was slightly lower than that of NDPhA (IC50, 0.16 mmol/L), suggesting that phenazine in drinking water may have an adverse effect on human health.
AuthorsWenjun Zhou, Linjie Lou, Lifang Zhu, Zhimin Li, Lizhong Zhu
JournalJournal of environmental sciences (China) (J Environ Sci (China)) Vol. 24 Issue 7 Pg. 1217-24 ( 2012) ISSN: 1001-0742 [Print] Netherlands
PMID23513442 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Chloramines
  • Hazardous Substances
  • Nitrosamines
  • Diphenylamine
  • N-nitrosodiphenylamine
  • chloramine
Topics
  • Carcinogenicity Tests
  • Chloramines (chemistry)
  • Diphenylamine (chemistry)
  • Disinfection
  • Hazardous Substances (analysis)
  • Hep G2 Cells
  • Humans
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Nitrosamines (analysis)
  • Water Purification

Join CureHunter, for free Research Interface BASIC access!

Take advantage of free CureHunter research engine access to explore the best drug and treatment options for any disease. Find out why thousands of doctors, pharma researchers and patient activists around the world use CureHunter every day.
Realize the full power of the drug-disease research graph!


Choose Username:
Email:
Password:
Verify Password:
Enter Code Shown: