p53 prevents
cancer via cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and the maintenance of
genome stability. p53 also regulates energy-generating metabolic pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and glycolysis via transcriptional regulation of SCO2 and TIGAR. SCO2, a
cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor, is a
metallochaperone which is involved in the biogenesis of
cytochrome c oxidase subunit II. Here we have shown that SCO2 functions as an apoptotic
protein in
tumor xenografts, thus providing an alternative pathway for p53-mediated apoptosis. SCO2 increases the generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induces dissociation of the
protein complex between
apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) (
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase [
MAPKKK]) and its cellular inhibitor, the redox-active
protein thioredoxin (Trx). Furthermore, SCO2 induces phosphorylation of ASK-1 at the Thr(845) residue, resulting in the activation of the ASK-1
kinase pathway. The phosphorylation of ASK-1 induces the activation of
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 4 and 7 (MAP2K4/7) and MAP2K3/6, which switches the c-Jun N-terminal
protein kinase (JNK)/p38-dependent apoptotic cascades in
cancer cells. Exogenous addition of the SCO2 gene to hypoxic
cancer cells and hypoxic
tumors induces apoptosis and causes significant regression of
tumor xenografts. We have thus discovered a novel apoptotic function of SCO2, which activates the ASK-1
kinase pathway in switching "on" an alternate mode of p53-mediated apoptosis. We propose that SCO2 might possess a novel
tumor suppressor function via the ROS-ASK-1
kinase pathway and thus could be an important candidate for anticancer gene therapy.