Artemisinic acid inhibits melanogenesis through downregulation of C/EBP α-dependent expression of HMG-CoA reductase gene.

Abstract

Cholesterol is associated with the regulation of melanogenesis which is the major physiological defense against solar irradiation. The present study was designed to determine the effects of artemisinic acid on melanogenesis and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal melanocytes. In this study, we found that artemisinic acid inhibited melanin content. The mRNA levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and its downstream genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 were reduced by artemisinic acid treatment. Additionally, the mRNA levels of melanogenesis-related genes (c-KIT, stem cell factor (SCF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)) were down-regulated by artemisinic acid. Furthermore, cAMP production and protein kinase A (PKA) activity were suppressed by artemisinic acid. Moreover, attempts to elucidate a possible mechanism underlying the artemisinic acid-mediated effects revealed that artemisinic acid regulated melanogenesis by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis through downregulation of the hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase gene, which was mediated through reduced expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) α gene. Taken together, these findings indicate that the inhibition of melanogenesis by artemisinic acid occurs through reduced expression of the HMG CoA reductase gene, which is mediated by C/EBP α inhibition and suggest that artemisinic acid may be useful as a hyperpigmentation inhibitor.

• Authors: Jongsung Lee, Jienny Lee, Eunsun Jung, Jae Youl Cho, Deokhoon Park
• Journal: Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association (Food Chem Toxicol) Vol. 51 Pg. 225-30 (Jan 2013) ISSN: 1873-6351 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 23063590 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Chemical References

• Artemisinins
• CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha
• Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors
• Melanins
• Membrane Glycoproteins
• artemisic acid
• Cholesterol
• Cyclic AMP
• Oxidoreductases
• Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases
• TYRP1 protein, human
• Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
• MIF protein, human
• dopachrome isomerase

Topics

• Artemisinins (pharmacology)
• CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha (genetics, metabolism)
• Cholesterol (biosynthesis)
• Cyclic AMP (metabolism)
• Down-Regulation (drug effects)
• Epidermal Cells
• Epidermis (drug effects)
• Gene Expression Regulation (drug effects)
• Humans
• Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases (genetics, metabolism)
• Intramolecular Oxidoreductases (genetics, metabolism)
• Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors (genetics)
• Melanins (metabolism)
• Melanocytes (drug effects, metabolism)
• Membrane Glycoproteins (genetics, metabolism)
• Oxidoreductases (genetics, metabolism)