Abstract |
Carbonaceous solid (CS) catalysts with --SO₃H, --COOH, and phenolic -- OH groups were prepared by incomplete hydrothermal carbonization of cellulose followed by either sulfonation with H₂SO₄ to give carbonaceous sulfonated solid (CSS) material or by both chemical activation with KOH and sulfonation to give activated carbonaceous sulfonated solid (a-CSS) material. The obtained carbon products (CS, CSS, and a-CSS) were amorphous; the CSS material had a small surface area (<0.5 m² g⁻¹) and a high --SO₃H group concentration (0.953 mmol g⁻¹), whereas the a-CSS material had a large surface area (514 m² g ⁻¹) and a low --SO₃H group concentration (0.172 mmol g⁻¹). The prepared materials were evaluated as catalysts for the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([ BMIM][Cl]). Remarkably high 5-HMF yields (83 %) could be obtained efficiently (80 °C and 10 min reaction time). CSS and a-CSS catalysts had similar catalytic activities and efficiencies for the conversion of fructose to 5-HMF in [ BMIM][Cl]; this could be explained by the trade-off between --SO₃H group concentration (high for CSS) and surface area (high for a-CSS). The cellulose-derived catalysts and ionic liquid exhibited constant activity for five successive recycles, and thus, the methods developed provide a renewable strategy for biomass conversion.
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Authors | Xinhua Qi, Haixin Guo, Luyang Li, Richard L Smith Jr |
Journal | ChemSusChem
(ChemSusChem)
Vol. 5
Issue 11
Pg. 2215-20
(Nov 2012)
ISSN: 1864-564X [Electronic] Germany |
PMID | 22927099
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Copyright | Copyright © 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. |
Chemical References |
- Ionic Liquids
- Sulfonic Acids
- Water
- Fructose
- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
- Carbon
- Cellulose
- Furaldehyde
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Topics |
- Carbon
(chemistry)
- Catalysis
- Cellulose
(chemistry)
- Fructose
(chemistry)
- Furaldehyde
(analogs & derivatives, chemistry)
- Ionic Liquids
(chemistry)
- Sulfonic Acids
(chemistry)
- Temperature
- Water
(chemistry)
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