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Sphingopeptides: dihydrosphingosine-based fusion inhibitors against wild-type and enfuvirtide-resistant HIV-1.

Abstract
Understanding the structural organization of lipids in the cell and viral membranes is essential for elucidating mechanisms of viral fusion that lead to entry of enveloped viruses into their host cells. The HIV lipidome shows a remarkable enrichment in dihydrosphingomyelin, an unusual sphingolipid formed by a dihydrosphingosine backbone. Here we investigated the ability of dihydrosphingosine to incorporate into the site of membrane fusion mediated by the HIV envelope (Env) protein. Dihydrosphingosine as well as cholesterol, fatty acid, and tocopherol was conjugated to highly conserved, short HIV-1 Env-derived peptides with no antiviral activity otherwise. We showed that dihydrosphingosine exclusively endowed nanomolar antiviral activity to the peptides (IC(50) as low as 120 nM) in HIV-1 infection on TZM-bl cells and on Jurkat T cells, as well as in the cell-cell fusion assay. These sphingopeptides were active against enfuvirtide-resistant and wild-type CXCR4 and CCR5 tropic HIV strains. The anti-HIV activity was determined by both the peptides and their dihydrosphingosine conjugate. Moreover, their mode of action involved accumulation in the cells and viruses and binding to membranes enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol. The data suggest that sphingopeptides are recruited to the HIV membrane fusion site and provide a general concept in developing inhibitors of sphingolipid-mediated biological systems.
AuthorsAvraham Ashkenazi, Mathias Viard, Linor Unger, Robert Blumenthal, Yechiel Shai
JournalFASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB J) Vol. 26 Issue 11 Pg. 4628-36 (Nov 2012) ISSN: 1530-6860 [Electronic] United States
PMID22872679 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • HIV Envelope Protein gp41
  • HIV Fusion Inhibitors
  • Peptide Fragments
  • Recombinant Proteins
  • Sphingomyelins
  • Enfuvirtide
  • Cholesterol
  • Sphingosine
  • safingol
Topics
  • Cell Fusion
  • Cell Line
  • Cholesterol (chemistry)
  • Drug Resistance, Viral
  • Enfuvirtide
  • HIV Envelope Protein gp41 (chemistry, genetics, metabolism, pharmacology)
  • HIV Fusion Inhibitors (pharmacology)
  • HIV-1 (drug effects)
  • Humans
  • Models, Molecular
  • Molecular Structure
  • Peptide Fragments (pharmacology)
  • Plasma (metabolism)
  • Protein Conformation
  • Recombinant Proteins (chemistry, pharmacology)
  • Sphingomyelins
  • Sphingosine (analogs & derivatives, chemistry, pharmacology)

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